Which of the following best describes the principle of non-maleficence?

The principle of non-maleficence is fundamentally centered on the ethical obligation to avoid causing harm to patients. In healthcare, this means that practitioners must ensure that their actions do not inflict any physical, psychological, or emotional harm on those they care for. This principle serves as a foundational guideline in medical practice, urging healthcare professionals to carefully assess the impact of their interventions and avoid any actions that could potentially bring about harm.

In contrast, balancing benefits against risks relates to the ethical principle of beneficence, which aims not just to avoid harm but also to promote the well-being of patients by weighing potential positive outcomes against possible negative consequences. Respecting a patient's right to make decisions pertains to autonomy, emphasizing the importance of involving patients in their own care decisions. Ensuring fairness in treatment aligns with the principle of justice, which focuses on equitable access and treatment for all patients, rather than the avoidance of harm specifically. Thus, avoidance of harm is the central focus of non-maleficence, making it the best description among the options provided.